1249 BC | Ariadne died in Argos and was buried there. [Paus. 2.23.8]
1249 BC | Augeas held the games in Elis. [FGrH.Nr333.F118, Home.Il.11.655]
** The location of the games is believed to be Olympia, not Elis. [Paus.5.8.3]
1248 BC | Heracles killed Iphitus, the son of Eurytus of Oechalia, in Tiryns. [Apo.2.6.2, Diod.4.31.3]
** At that time, the Oechalia where Eurytus lived was not Euboea, but Oechalia in Messenia.
1248 BC | Heracles fell ill and asked Neleus for absolution, but was refused. [Diod. 4.31.4]
1248 BC | Heracles asked Hippocoon in Sparta for absolution, but was refused. [Paus. 3.15.3]
1248 BC | Heracles was absolved by Deiphobus of Amyclae near Sparta. [Diod. 4.31.5]
1248 BC | Heracles served under Omphale in Lydia. [Apo. 2.6.3, Diod. 4.31.5, Herod. 1.7, Tzetzes. 2.420]
** After killing Iphitus, Heracles fell ill and was asked by an oracle to become a slave. [Apo.2.6.3, Diod.4.31.5, Tzetzes.2.420]
** Heracles served under Omphales for three years. [Apo.2.6.2, Tzetzes.2.420]
** At that time, it was customary for anyone who accidentally killed someone to serve a certain period of time under another. [Plut.QuestGr.37]
** During Heracles' service, the Argonauts' expedition, the Calydonian boar hunt, and Theseus' exploits on the Isthmus occurred. [Apo.1.9.19, 2.6.3]
** Omphales' residence is believed to have been at the foot of Mount Timolus, through which the Hyllus River flows in Lydia. [Home.20.379, Paus.1.35.8, Strabo.13.4.5]
1248 BC | Iphitus, son of Naubolus, guided Jason on his visit to Delpi to seek an oracle. [Apo.1.9.16, Apollo.1.207, Home.2.517]
1248 BC: The Argonauts' Expedition [Apo.1.9.16-28, Hyginus.14]
** Theseus joined the expedition from Troezen at the age of 16, the year before going to Athens. [Paus.1.27.8]
** The expedition took place during the reign of Aegeus (1288-1240 BC). [Euseb.Chron.183]
** The expedition was led by the Minyans, but was later revised to include heroes of the time. [FGrH.Nr8.F3]
** The Golden Fleece was a scroll containing instructions for making gold. [Para.Anony.F3]
** Hylas's birthplace, Oechalia, was in Trachis. [Hyginus.14, StephByz.O487.18, Strabo.10.1.10]
** In the 6th century BC | Orpheus of Croton, a town in southern Italy, wrote "The Argonautica." [Suda.omicron.657]
** In the 2nd century BC | Dionysius of Mitylene of Alexandria also wrote about the Argonauts, which Diodorus quoted. [Diod.3.52.3, Suda.delta.1175]
** Jason's companions were 54 people. [Diod.4.41.2]
** Laertes, who does not appear in the 3rd century BC epic poet Apollonius of Rhodes's "Argonautica," appears in Diodorus. [Diod.4.48.5]
1248 BC | Cyzicus, son of Aeneus, was killed in battle against an expedition by the Argonauts, whom he recognized as the Thessalians who had driven out his ancestors. [Apollo.1.936, Apollo.1.961, FGrH.Nr70.F61, Hyginus.16, Hyginus.273]
1248 BC | Polyneices was born in Tenea, Corinth, the son of Oedipus and Euryganeia. [Paus.2.20.5, Hyginus.243]
1247 BC | Chrysothemis, daughter of Carmanor, won the competition to sing the Pythian Apollo Hymn. [Paus.10.7.2]
1247 BC | Mantius, son of Melampus, returned from Aetolia and expelled the descendants of his brothers Abas and Bias from Argos. [Estimated from Pind.Ne.9.10]
** Mantius' son Oecles (or Oecleus) and Mantius' grandson Amphiaraus also emigrated from Aetolia to Argos.
** Since the Argives later participated in Heracles' attack on Elis, it is likely that Eurystheus assisted Mantius in his return.
1247 BC | Talaus was killed by Amphiaraus. [Schol. Pind. N. 9.30b]
1247 BC | Adrastus, son of Talaus, fought with Amphiaraus, a descendant of Melampus, and fled to Polybus in Sicyon. [Apo. 3.6.2, Paus. 2.6.6]
** Polybus was the father of Adrastus's mother, Lysianassa.
1247 BC | Talaus' son Pronax migrated from Argos to the upper reaches of the Nemea River, which flows between Sicyon and Corinth, and founded Nemea. [Estimated from Apo. 3.6.4]
** Pronax married Nemea, daughter of Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, from Corinth, and named the city Nemea. [Apo.1.9.13, estimated from Paus.5.22.6]
1247 BC | Polypheides, son of Abas, son of Melampus, emigrated to Hyperesia in Achaia after fighting with his father. [Home.Od.15.220]
** Polypheides' migration is thought to have been due to internal conflicts in Argos. Near Hyperesia was Pellene, founded by the Argives. [Paus.7.26.12]
** Polypheides also lived in Eleusis. [FGrH.Nr333.F116]
** After Trochilus, son of Callithyia, emigrated to Eleusis in 1580 BC | it is believed that Argos and Eleusis had contact with each other. [Paus.1.14.2]
1247 BC | Abas, son of Melampus, emigrated from Argos to Phyllus near Larisa in Thessaly. [Strabo.9.5.5]
** Abas' son, Idmon, joined the Argonauts from Argos. Until then, the Abas family likely lived in Argos. [Apollo.1.139]
1247 BC | Melampus emigrated to Megara with his grandson, Coeranus. [Estimated from Paus.1.43.5 and Paus.1.44.5]
** Melampus likely emigrated not to Megara to purify Alcathus, but due to internal conflicts in Argos. [Paus.1.43.5]
1247 BC | Peleus defeated Amyntor of Dolopes in battle. Peleus took Amyntor's son, Crantor, as a hostage and made him his shield-bearer. [Ovid.Meta.12.341]
** Amyntor is thought to have been the son of Ctimenus, son of Actor of Dolopes, making him Peleus' cousin.
** Ctimenus's two sons, Eurydamas and Eurytion, participated in the Argonauts' expedition. [Hyginus.14]
1247 BC | Theseus performed feats on the way from Troezen to Athens. [Apo.3.16.1 - E.1.4, Plut.These.15]
** Theseus participated in the Argonauts' expedition from Troezen and the boar hunt in Calydon from Athens. [Hyginus.14, Apocalypse.1.8.2]
** Theseus had long heard of Heracles's fame and longed for greatness himself. [Plut.These.6]
** Greece was in turmoil because Heracles was with Omphale in Lydia. [Plut.These.6]
** When Theseus turned 16, he pushed up the rock, took his father's sword and sandals, and set out on a journey. [Paus.1.27.8]
** A sword and sandals were essential traveling equipment for men. They appear in six places in the Odyssey. [Home.Od.2.1, 4.306, 16.80, 17.1, 20.125, 21.340]
1247 BC | Jason and Medea were given charge of a city by the Corinthians. [Paus.2.3.10]
** Jason succeeded Corinthus. [Paus.2.3.10]
** However, Creon, mentioned in Euripides, likely succeeded Corinthus, and Jason likely succeeded Creon. [Medea.20]
** Jason lived in Corinth for 10 years before his expedition with Heracles in 1237 BC. [Apo.1.9.28]
1247 BC | Meleager, son of Oeneus, married Cleopatra (or Halcyone), daughter of Idas. [Paus.4.2.7]
1247 BC | Philammon, son of Daedalion, won a hymn-singing contest at the Pythia Festival. [Paus.10.7.2]
1246 BC | Calydonian boar hunt [Apo. 1.8.3, Home. 9.544, Hyginus. 173, Paus. 8.45.6-7, Strabo. 10.3.6]
** The fierce battle between the Aetolians and the Curetes lasted six days. [Bacchy. 5.100]
** Only Amphiaraus, son of Oecles, whose mother was Hypermnestra, daughter of Thestius of Pleuron, participated from Argos.
1246 BC | Peleus accidentally killed Eurytion of Phthia during a Calydonian boar hunt and was atoned for by Acastus, son of Pelias. [Apo. 1.8.2, Apo. 3.13.2]
1246 BC | Ischepolis, son of Alcathous, died during a Calydonian boar hunt. [Paus.1.42.6]
1246 BC | Alcathous of Megara killed his son Callipolis when he tried to inform him of Ischepolis' death. [Paus.1.42.6]
** Melampus visited Megara to purify Alcathous. [Paus.1.43.5]
** This story is likely a fabrication, linking the death of Alcathous' sons and Melampus's migration to Megara with the Calydonian boar hunt.
** Melampus' migration to Megara is likely due to internal conflicts in Argos.
1246 BC | Oeneus of Calydon attacked and captured Hipponous of Olenus in Aetolia, taking Periboea as a spoil. [Apo.1.8.4]
1246 BC | the Aenianians were driven out of Dotium by the Lapiths led by Ixion and his son Peirithous. [Strabo.9.4.10, Strabo.9.5.22]
** Some of the Aenianians migrated to the Auas River in Molossia and became known as the Parauaei. [Plut.QuestGr.13]
1246 BC | Peirithous, son of Ixion of Larisa, drove the Centaurs from Mount Pelion. [Apo.2.5.4, Diod.4.70.3, Paus.5.10.8]
** The Centaurs Cheiron lived around Mount Pelion, northeast of Iolcus in Thessaly. [Apo.2.5.4]
** Some of the Centaurs migrated to the region of Aethices, where the Peneius originates. [Strabo.9.5.19]
** Peleus also participated in the battle against the Centaurs. Peleus' shield-bearer, Crantor, son of Amyntor of Dolopes, was killed in battle. [Ovid.Meta.12.341]
** Peirithous claimed the area around Mount Pelion as his territory. [Strabo.9.5.19]
1246 BC | the Perrhaebians, driven by the Lapiths, migrated to the source of the Peneus River. [Strabo.6.2.4, Strabo.9.5.12, Strabo.9.5.19]
1246 BC | Theseus sided with the Lapiths in a battle against the Centaurs. [Plut.These.29]
** Theseus was present at Peirithous' wedding, which sparked the battle. [Diod.4.70.3]
** Butes, father of Hippodameia, wife of Peirithous, is thought to have been Theseus' cousin-in-law.
1246 BC | Theseus traveled from Phalerum to Crete as one of the tributes. [Paus.1.1.2, Paus.1.22.5, Plut.These.15]
** Tribute was paid every ninth year, the third time. [Plut.These.15, 17] The battle with Minos took place in 1264 BC (first tribute) and 1255 BC (second tribute).
** The Cretan kingship lasted for nine years. [Paus.3.2.4]
** Periboea, daughter of Alcathous of Megara, was also one of the tributes. [Paus.1.17.3; 1.42.2] Menesthes, son of Scirus' daughter, was also one of the tributes. [Plut.These.17]
** Minos himself came to welcome the tribute men and women. The Athenians provided the ships carrying the tribute, and the Salamians were at the helm. [Plut.These.17]
** Young Athenian men and women were sent to Crete as servants to be awarded to the winners of the games. [Plut.QuestGr.35, Plut.These.16]
** Their descendants, led by Botton, migrated to Macedonia and became known as the Bottiaeans. [Plut.QuestGr.35, Plut.These.16]
** Aristotle, in his "Constitution of Bottiaea," also mentions that young men and women were sent to Crete as slaves. [Plut.These.16]
1245 BC | Heracles returned to Tiryns after completing his service under Omphale. [Apo.2.6.4]
1245 BC | Heracles participated with Iolaus in the funeral games held by Acastus, son of Pelias of Iolcus. [Apo.3.13.2, Hyginus.273, Paus.5.17.9]
** Hyginus lists the games after those held during the Argonauts' expedition in his chronological order. [Hyginus.273]
1245 BC | Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, was trampled to death by a horse during Pelias's funeral games. [Hyginus.250, Hyginus.273, Paus.6.20.19]
1245 BC | Calliarus, son of Hodoedocus, founded the city of Calliarus near Cynus in Locris. [StephByz.K349.8]
1245 BC | Idas returned to Arene from Calydon.
1245 BC | Minos died.
** According to legend, Minos was killed by Cocalus of the Camic tribe, a sub-tribe of the Sicans, near the Camicus River in southwestern Sicily. [Diod.4.79.2]
** At the time of Theseus' marriage to Phaedra, Deucalion was the ruler of Crete. [Diod.4.62.1]
** Herodotus reports that the Trojan War occurred two generations after Minos' death. [Herod.7.171]
1245 BC | Staphylus, son of Ariadne, emigrated from Naxos to Peparethos. [Diod.5.79.2, Ps-Scym.566]
** Staphylus was accompanied by his brother Peparethus, and it is believed that the island's name changed to Peparethos after Staphylus left.
1245 BC | Oenopion, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, emigrated from Naxos to Chios. [Diod.5.79.1, Paus.7.4.8]
** Oenopion's sons, Talus, Euanthes, Melas, Salagus, and Athamas, also emigrated to Chios with their father. [Paus.7.4.8]
1245 BC | Enyeus, son of Ariadne, emigrated from Naxos to Cyrnus, across from Rhodes. [Diod.5.79.2, Schol.Home.Il.9.668]
1245 BC | the sons of Neleus migrated from Pylus to Lepreatic Pylus in southern Eleia. [Strabo.8.3.7]
1245 BC | Zarex, son of Petraeus, son of Carystus, migrated from Carystus to Delos. [This is presumed because Zarex's son Anius was a priest in Delos.]
1244 BC | Laomedon died. [Dictys.4.22, Home.20.220, Hyginus.89]
1244 BC | those who lost the battle for the Trojan throne fled to Miletus. [Inferred from wiki: Milawata letter]
** It is believed that Priam fled to Miletus, and that Aegestus, grandson of Phaenodamas, temporarily ascended to the throne of Troy.
** Aeneas' father, Anchises, is believed to have fled to Sicily with Aegestus (Acestes) after being attacked by Hattusili III.
** Aeneas was likely born in Sicily. He was the son of the elderly Anchises. [FGrH.Nr2.F39]
1244 BC | Philoctetes settled in Macalla, Croton, in southern Italy. [AristCorp.27.107, Strabo.6.2.5, TzeAdLyco.921-2]
** Philoctetes, son of Poeas, sailed with Anchises, accompanied by Aegestus, who was heading to Sicily. [Strabo.6.2.5]
** Philoctetes's migration was due to civil unrest in Meliboea, Magnesia. [Strabo.6.1.3]
1244 BC | the Mysians and Teucrians launched a major expedition from Thracia to the Ionian Sea. [Herod.7.20]
** Mygdon sided with Antenor and was driven from his home and settled in Paeonia. [Estimated from Diod.5.64.4, Herod.5.12-15, and Herod.7.20]
** At this time, the Mygdonians settled in Paeonia. [Diod.5.64.4, Herod.5.12-15]
** The Idaean Dactyli traveled to Europe with Mygdon. [Diod.5.64.4] They are believed to have later become engineers who helped Midas mine his wealth.
** The expedition to Troy is believed to have been carried out by Mygdon's descendants. [Dares. 18, Home. 2.848, Home. 21.136, Strabo. 7.8.2]
** In 490 BC | some of the Paeonians (Siropaeonians, Paeoplians) were exiled to Asia by Darius's general Megabyzus. [Herod. 5.12-15]
1244 BC | Heracles invaded Ilium. [Apo.2.6.4, Diod.4.32.3, Dares.2-3, Ovid.Meta.11.200, Tzetzes.2.440]
** Participants in the expedition: Heracles, Telamon, Oecles [Apo.2.6.4, Diod.4.32.3-5]
** Participants in the expedition: Heracles, Telamon, Peleus, Castor, Pollux, Nestor [Dares.3]
** The expedition was launched in revenge for the mistreatment of Laomedon off the coast of Troy, where the Argonauts had stopped. [Dares.2]
** At this time, Heracles sent letters to gather allies. [Dares.3]
** Laomedon's daughter, Hesione, was given to Telamon. [Apo.2.6.4, Ovid.Meta.11.200]
** The inhabitants of Salamis in Cyprus at the time of its founding were Trojans. [Athen.256b]
** It is believed that the descendants of Teucer, ruler of Salamis, invented the story that Teucer's mother was Hesione in order to subjugate the inhabitants. [Apo.3.12.7, Hyginus.97]
1244 BC | Heracles fought Eurypylus, son of Astypalaea of Cos, on his way back from Ilium. [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]
** The story of Heracles and Cos is thought to be fiction, but if it did exist, it is assumed to have taken place as follows:
** Merops, the ruler of Cos, was pursued by Eurypylus, the husband of his daughter Clytia. [Calli.Hym.4.153]
** Heracles fought Eurypylus to bring Merops back. [FGrH.Nr333.F78]
** Chalcodon, who wounded Heracles at this time, was Eurypylus' son. [Apo.2.7.1, ComTheocId.7.5]
1244 BC | Heracles left Cos and fought and defeated giants at Phlegra. [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]
** Phlegra in Campania, Italy [Diod.4.21.7, Strabo.6.3.5], Phlegra on the Chalcidice Peninsula [Strabo.7.8.3], and Phlegra at an unknown location [Apo.2.7.1, Tzetzes.2.440]. In either case, these are likely fictional.
1244 BC | Heracles fought against Eurymedon, son of Minos, and his allies on the island of Paros. [Apo.2.5.9]
** This is an event from Heracles' ninth labor, but the stories about the Amazons, Paros, and Thasus are likely fictional.
1244 BC | Alcaeus and Sthenelus, sons of Minos' son Androgeus, emigrated from Paros to Thasus. [Apo.2.5.9]
1244 BC | the sons of Neleus of Pylus in southern Eleia fought against the Arcadians over the possession of Chaa. [Home.Il.7.132, Paus.8.11.4, Strabo.8.3.21]
** At that time, Lycurgus was king of Arcadia, but due to his advanced age, Cepheus of Psophis likely took over as king. [FGrH.Nr333.F158]
** Alternatively, Lycurgus may have died of illness during the campaign. His tomb was not in Tegea but in Lepreus near Chaa. [Paus.5.5.5]
1244 BC | Augeas' eldest son, Phyleus, emigrated from Elis to Dulichium (Dulichia) in Acarnania. [Apo.2.5.5, Diod.4.33.4, Home.Il.2.625]
** Dulichium, where Phyleus emigrated, is likely not an island in the Echinades, but Paleis in the western part of Cephallenia. [Paus.5.5.5]
1244 BC | Talaus' son, Adrastus, married Demonassa. [Hyginus.71]
** Since their daughter, Deipyla, must be born in 1243 BC | this marriage is estimated to have occurred in this year.
1244 BC | Augeas held the games at Olympia. [Paus. 5.8.3]
1243 BC | Alcmena, widowed by her second husband, Rhadamanthus, and moved from Boeotia to Tiryns to be with Heracles. [Inferred from Diod. 4.33.2]
** When Heracles moved from Tiryns to Pheneus, his mother Alcmena was with him, so it is likely that they lived together around this time. [Diod. 4.33.2]
1243 BC | Heracles prepared his first army for the attack on Elis. [Apo. 2.7.2]
** The account that the attack on Elis was due to unpaid wages is likely fictional. [Diod. 4.33.1, Paus. 5.1.9]
1243 BC | Augeas learned of Heracles' movements and appointed Actor's sons, Cteatus and Eurytus, as commanders. [Apo.2.7.2, Paus.5.1.10]
1243 BC | Heracles fought an inconclusive battle with Augeas of Elis. [Diodorus.4.33.1, Apo.2.7.3, Paus.5.2.1]
** Dameon, son of Philius, also participated, but was killed by Cteatus, son of Actor. [Paus.6.20.16]
** Diodorus reports that after this battle, Heracles stayed with Dexamenus in the city of Olenus in Achaia. [Diodorus.4.33.1]
** However, Dexamenus' twin daughters were married to Actor's sons, so it is unlikely that Heracles would have stayed with the enemy. [Paus.5.3.3]
1243 BC | Heracles fell ill and a truce was called. [Apo.2.7.2]
1243 BC | Heracles's sons, learning of his illness, attacked him and killed many. [Apo.2.7.2]
1243 BC | Heracles' half-brother Iphicles died of battle wounds in Pheneus, Arcadia. [Apo.2.7.3, Paus.8.14.9]
** Iphicles is also said to have been killed in battle at Lacedaemon. [Plut.Mor.492d]
1243 BC | Amarynceus died. Funeral games were held at Buprasium in Eleia. [Home.Il.23.624]
** Amarynceus was an ally of Augeas of Elis, but he does not appear in the battle with Heracles. [Paus.5.1.10]
** If the funeral games were held, they occurred before the battle with Heracles began and Actor's twin sons were killed.
1243 BC | Heracles attacked and killed Actor's sons, Ceatas and Eurytus, at Cleonae while they were traveling from Hyrmina to Isthmus. [Apo.2.7.2, Diod.4.33.4, Paus.5.2.1]
** Aelianus reports that 360 Cleonaeans who assisted Heracles were killed in the battle. [Aelia.4.5]
** However, since Molione, the mother of Actor's sons, investigated the perpetrators, it appears that the assassination was carried out by a small group. [Paus.5.2.2]
** Pausanias reports that Heracles killed them with arrows. [Paus.2.15.1]
** At that time, Cleonae was inhabited by its founder, Atreus. Atreus' father, Pelops, was Heracles' maternal great-grandfather.
** Heracles was in Tiryns when Elis called on Argos to punish the attackers, so the attack on Cleonae occurred before Heracles was banished from Tiryns. [Paus.5.2.1]
1243 BC | Heracles, along with Alcmena, Iphicles, and Iolaus, emigrated from Tiryns to Pheneus in Arcadia. [Diod.4.33.2]
** It is believed that Eurystheus could not tolerate Elis's demands and forced Heracles to leave.
** At this time, Eurystheus likely had little power, as his sons had not yet reached adulthood.
1243 BC | Thamyris, son of Philammon, won the hymn-singing contest at the Pythia Festival. [Paus. 10.7.2]
1243 BC | Mopsus, son of Ampycus, migrated north-northeast from Oechalia and founded Mopsium near Gyrton. [Hyginus. 14, Strabo. 9.5.22]
1242 BC | Nestor married Eurydice (or Anaxibia), daughter of Clymenus, from Orchomenus. [Home.Od.3.452, Hyginus.97, Apo.1.9.9]
1241 BC | Theseus married Phaedra, daughter of Minos. [Diod.4.62.1]
** Minos' son Deucalion gave Phaedra in marriage to Theseus in order to forge an alliance with the Athenians. [Diod.4.62.1]
** The Minotaur legend likely originated from Theseus' victory over Minos' son Asterius (also known as the Minotaur) in a tournament. [Apo.3.1.4, Paus.2.31.1]
** Ceramus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, the namesake of the Cerameicus district, likely emigrated to Athens with Theseus' wife, Phaedra. [Paus.1.3.1]
** Ceramicus was the Potters' Quarter. [Pliny.35.45.1]
** Cerameis comes from the potter's craft and Ceramus. [Suda.ka.1360]
1241 BC | Theseus stopped on the island of Delos on his way back from Crete to Athens. [Plut.These.21]
** The priest of Delos is presumably Zarex, son of Carystus, son of Chiron, father of Aegeus, father of Theseus. [Plut.These.21]
1241 BC | Hippolytus, son of Theseus and the Amazon Antiope, emigrated to Troezen to succeed his grandfather Pittheus. [Diod.4.62.1]
1241 BC | the Centaurs, driven from Mount Pelion, made Mount Pholoe in Arcadia their base and engaged in banditry. [Apo.2.5.4]
1241 BC | Heracles fought against the Centaurs of Mount Pholoe. [Apo.2.5.4]
** Heracles cooperated with Cepheus of Tegea in this battle, and thereafter Heracles added the Arcadians to his military forces.
1241 BC | the Centaur Chiron died in Malea, Arcadia. [Apo.2.5.4]
1241 BC | Heracles was atoned for the murder of the Centaurs by Eumolpus of Eleusis. [Apo.2.5.12]
1241 BC | Heracles prepared a second expedition to Elis, composed of Argives, Thebans, and Arcadians. [Paus.5.3.1]
** The Epeians of Dyme in Achaia also participated in Heracles' expedition to Elis. [Strabo.8.3.9]
** The Argives were likely led by Oecles and Amphiaraus, sons of Mantius.
** Due to internal conflicts in Argos, the only descendants of Melampus and Bias remaining in Argos were the family of Oecles.
1241 BC | Bellerophontes, son of Glaucus, emigrated from Isthmus to Xanthus in Lycia and married Philonoe, daughter of Iobates. [Apo.2.3.2, Tzetzes.7.850]
** Iobates was the son of Lycus, son of Pandion, and is believed to have summoned Bellerophontes to fight against the surrounding tribes (Solymi). [Strabo.12.8.5]
** Nisus, father of Bellerophontes' mother, Eurynome, was the brother of Iobates' father, Lycus. Bellerophontes and Philonoe were second cousins.
** Proetus wrote a letter to Iobates. [Apo.2.3.1] Proetus lived more than 100 years before Bellerophontes and is believed to have been unable to write letters.
1240 BC | Heracles fought against Augeas of Elis and captured the city. [Apo.2.7.2, Diod.4.33.4, Paus.5.3.1]
** Pylus and Pisa of Eleia joined Elis in the defense. [Paus.5.3.1]
** Hippocoon also sided with Neleus. [Apo.2.7.3]
1240 BC | Heracles' expedition to Pisa, in which he had joined Elis, was called off by an oracle. [Paus.5.3.1]
** Neither Apollodorus nor Diodorus mentions Pisa's participation in Elis; only Pausanias reports it. It is believed not to have actually occurred.
** After Pelops' death, Elis took control of Olympia in place of Pisa and began to exert influence over Pisa, including hosting the Olympic Games.
** It is believed that Eurystheus, upon receiving a petition from Pisa, ordered Heracles to attack Elis. [Apo.2.4.5, Paus.5.8.3]
** Eurystheus and Heracles were descendants of Pelops of Pisa.
1240 BC | Heracles fought against Neleus of Pylus and captured the city. [Apo.2.7.3]
** The Pylus destroyed by Heracles was not the Pylus in Messenia, but the Pylus near Elis.
** Pausanias reports that Heracles campaigned against Pylus in Eleia. [Paus.6.25.2]
** Pausanias reports that the ruins of Pylus destroyed by Heracles were in Eleia. [Paus.6.22.5]
** All 12 sons of Neleus were killed except for Nestor. [Aelia.4.5, Apocalypse.2.7.3, Strabo.8.3.28]
1240 BC | Heracles summoned Phyleus, the son of Augeas, to Elis. [Diod.4.33.4]
** Heracles granted Phyleus's request and showed mercy by pardoning Augeas and returning his captives. [Paus.5.3.3]
1240 BC | Heracles killed Lepreus, ruler of Lepreus in southern Eleia, in single combat. [Aelia.1.24, Athen.412a]
** Lepreus was Heracles' enemy when Heracles demanded payment from Augeas of Elis. [Aelia.1.24]
1240 BC | Heracles made a pledge with the sons of Neleus at Stenyclerus in Messenia. [Paus.4.15.8]
** The pledge likely refers to Nestor in Gerenia and the sons of Neleus's sons who died in battle.
** Upon the return of the Heracleidae, Heracles allegedly entrusted Pylus to Nestor. [Paus.2.18.7]
** Like the fraudulent lottery, this is likely a Dorian invention. Heracles is believed never to have set foot in Messenia.
1240 BC | Evander led a colony from Pallantium in Arcadia to Rome and founded Pallantium. [Antiq.1.31.1-4, Paus.8.43.2]
** 60th year before the Trojan War. [Antiq.1.31.1]
** Faunus welcomed Evander and gave him land. [Antiq.1.31.2, Ita.6.579, Just.43.1]
** The Arcadians brought the alphabet to Italy. [Antiq.1.33.4, Euseb.Chron.269, Hyginus.277, Livius.1.7]
** Evander likely introduced the Pelasgic alphabet, which had been in use since the time of Homer, rather than the Greek alphabet, to Italy. [Diod.3.67.5]
** Evander's colony departed from Cyllene, the outer port of Elis. [DionyGuide.34]
** The 2nd century AD epic poet Dionysius of Alexandria reports that "the Pelasgians, who lived next to the Tyrrhenians on the western side of the Italian peninsula, came from Cyllene." [DionyGuide.34]
** Evander likely traveled overland to Cyllene, northwest of Elis, using the great road from Tegea to Olenus.
** Tegea, Heraea, Olympia, Elis, and Olenus were the ancient great road (the Arkadhia road [Leake M.1.023]).
1240 BC | the Epeans and Pheneans accompanying Evander drove out the Sicels and settled in the Saturnian hills. [Antiq.1.34.2, Antiq.2.1.4]
1240 BC | Evander's brothers, Catillus, Coras, and Tiburnus, founded Tibur. [Solinus.2.6, SerCVAene.7.670]
1240 BC | the Sicels, driven by the Pelasgians and Aborigines, migrated to southern Italy. [FGrH.3.228]
** This was the 26th year of Alcyone's priestessship in Argos, two generations before the Trojan War. (1186 + 27 * 2 = 1240) [Antiq.1.22.3, FGrH.3.228]
** Alcyone was ordained in 1265 BC. (1240 + 26 - 1 = 1265) If Alcyone was ordained at age 18, she was born in 1283 BC. ** Alcyone is thought to have been the sister of Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [Apo. 2.4.5, Diod. 4.12.7]
1240 BC | the Sicels migrated to Sicily after being driven by the Oenotrians. [Antiq. 1.22.3, Strabo. 6.1.6]
** At this time, Morgetes also migrated to Sicily and founded Morgantium. [Strabo. 6.2.4, Strabo. 6.1.6]
** Three generations before the Trojan War, in the 26th year of Alcyone's priesthood in Argos. [Antiq. 1.22.3]
** The leader of the migrating Sicels was Straton. [Antiq. 1.22.5]
** The migrants were the Ausonians, led by Sicelus, who gave his name to the tribe and island. [Antiq.1.22.3]
1240 BC | the Pelasgians migrated from Sicily to Acarnania due to the chaos caused by the Sicel migration. [Paus.1.28.3, Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]
1240 BC | Norax, grandson of Geryones, founded Nora, the island's oldest city, in southeastern Sardinia. [Paus.10.17.5]
1240 BC | Crisus, son of Phocus, migrated from Naubolenses to near Delpi and founded Cirra (later Crisa). [Euri.Scho.Or.33.1]
1239 BC | Heracles held the games at Olympia. [Apo.2.7.2, Paus.5.8.3]
** Heracles held the games during the reign of Aegeus, king of Athens. [Euseb.185]
** The Olympic Games, held by successive powerful men, are thought to have caused Eurystheus to develop hostility toward Heracles.
1239 BC | Aegeus died. Theseus became king of Athens. [Diod.4.61.8, Plut.These.24]
1239 BC | Heracles defeated Hippocoon in battle at Amyclae and Sparta. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.6, Tzetzes.2.450]
** According to legend, Heracles attacked Hippocoon because he requested absolution and was refused. [Paus.3.15.3]
** In fact, it is believed that the battle was at the request of Cepheus of Tegea.
** Half of Hippocoon's sons lived in Sparta, he and his remaining sons lived in Amyclae, and Icarius lived in Pharis. [Paus.3.14.7, 3.15.1]
** Cepheus and his 17 sons were killed in battle with Hippocoon. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.6]
1238 BC | the Sphinx revolt approached Thebes, and Creon's son Haemon was killed in battle. [Apo.3.5.8]
1238 BC | Oedipus returned to Thebes with the Corinthians and put down the Sphinx revolt. [Paus.9.5.10, Paus.9.26.2]
** Oedipus' sons, Eteocles and Polyneices, did not participate in the battle against Sphinx; Adrastus likely accompanied Oedipus.
** Sphinx's rebellion is believed to have been part of the "Sea Peoples."
** Sphinx appeared off the coast of Anthedon with numerous ships and established a base on a mountain about 550 meters above sea level, approximately 27 km west-southwest of Anthedon, where he ravaged the surrounding area. [Paus.9.26.2]
** The Boeotians called "treacheries" "riddles" (see Athen.456b). [August.City.18.13]
1238 BC | Adrastus made peace with Amphiaraus and returned to Argos. [FGrH.Nr12.F29, Dic: Amphiaraus]
1238 BC | Talaus' daughter, Eriphyle, married Amphiaraus. [Apo.1.9.13, Diod.4.65.6, Hyginus.71]
** Marriage was a condition of reconciliation. [Pind.Ne.9.15]
1238 BC | Bellerophontes led an expedition to combat the Amazons' invasion of the Troid. [Home.Il.6.191, Strabo.12.8.6]
** Bellerophontes' expedition was likely ordered by the Hittites, and likely occurred before Hittite influence had weakened.
** It is likely that Bellerophontes in Lycia, which also came under Hittite control, was sent to support Wilusa (Troy).
** As a result, some Lycians settled around Zeleia near the Aesepus River, giving rise to Lycia in the Troid region. [Strabo.12.4.6]
** The Caucones, who had migrated from Lepreus in Eleia to Lycia, likely also migrated to Tieium on the southern shore of the Black Sea at this time.
1238 BC | Heracles emigrated to Calydon in Aetolia after living in Pheneus in Arcadia for five years. [Diod.4.34.1]
** Because Heracles was associated with many Arcadians, he likely left Peloponnesus to avoid being viewed as an enemy by Eurystheus. [Diod.4.34.1]
** Eurystheus likely urged Heracles to leave Pheneus through his wife's grandfather, Lycurgus, the ruler of Arcadia.
1238 BC | Heracles married Deianeira, daughter of Oeneus of Calydon. [Diod. 4.34.1]
1238 BC | Heracles established a large irrigation area in Calydon via the Achelous River. [Diod. 4.34.1, 4.35.3, Strabo. 10.2.19]
** Heracles likely irrigated Paracheloitis (the flooded area near the mouth of the Achelous River). [Strabo. 10.2.19]
** The Achelous River flowed west of Calydon, west of Pleuron and Curetes. Oeneus's rule likely extended to this area.
1237 BC | Heracles led the Calydonians on an expedition to the land of the Thesprotians, killed Phyleus, and occupied Ephyra. [Apo. 2.7.6, Diod. 4.36.1]
** The Thesprotians' land was located northwest of Acarnania, with their center at Ephyra. Later, Dodona also came under his control. [Strabo.7.7.11]
** There is a legend that Heracles freed Theseus, who had been held captive by Aidoneus of the Molossians. [Plut.Thess.35]
** According to this legend, Theseus lost his power as king of Athens during Heracles' lifetime. However, after Heracles' death, Theseus sided with Heracles' sons against Eurystheus's attack. [Diod.4.57.6]
** Phyleus, son of Augeas, also participated in this expedition and received a breastplate from Euphetes, who was an enemy of Ephyra. [Home.Il.15.531]
** Jason and his sons also participated in this expedition. Mermerus was killed in battle, but Pheres captured Ephyra, and Jason captured the island of Corcyra. [Paus.2.3.9]
** Before the Trojan War, Odysseus visited Ilus, son of Mermerus, son of Pheres, who lived in Ephyra, to seek poison for his arrows. [Home.Od.1.261]
** Icarius and his two sons, Alyzeus and Leucadius, likely also participated in this expedition. [Strabo.10.2.9]
** Ornytion, son of Sisyphus of Corinth, likely also participated in this expedition. [Inferred from Paus.2.3.11]
** Polyidus, son of Coeranus, son of Abas, son of Melampus, likely also participated in this expedition. Polyidus lived in Corinth. [Home.Il.13.663]
** Polyidus married Eurydameia, daughter of Phyleus, who lived in Dulichium, Acarnania. [FGrH.Nr333.F115]
** This marriage was likely made possible by Phyleus's participation in an expedition.
** This expedition was likely the idea of Jason, who had settled on the farthest island of Corcyra.
** Jason, who had traveled to Thebes with Oedipus, likely learned of the riches of the area around Corcyra from the Sphinx (sea people) he had ravaged.
1237 BC | Jason emigrated from Corinth to Corcyra. [Paus.2.3.9]
** Jason's migration was likely motivated by the death of his wife, Medea.
** Jason was accompanied by Mermerus and Pheres, sons of Medea. [Paus.2.3.9]
1237 BC | Taphius, son of Helius, emigrated from the Echinades Islands to the island of Taphos. [Inferred from Apo.2.4.5]
1237 BC | Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, inherited Corinth from Jason. [Home.Il.6.144, Paus.2.3.11]
1237 BC | Oebalus, son of Telon, led the Teleboans from Acarnania to Capreae (near Neapolis) on the Italian peninsula. [Dic:Oebalus, Virg.Aene.7.713]
** Oebalus settled near the Achelous River, and his daughter, Peirene, became the wife of Sisyphus' son, Ornytion. [Inferred from Paus.2.3.11 and the river's name and date]
1237 BC | Icarius' sons, Leucadius and Alyzeus, founded the cities of Leucas and Alyzia. [Strabo.10.2.9]
** At that time, Leucas was not an island but a peninsula. [Strabo.1.3.18, Ps.Scylax.34]
1237 BC | while staying in Ephyra, Heracles instructed Iolaus to colonize the island of Sardinia. [Apo.2.7.6]
** Heracles likely learned from Omphale about the Maeonias' colonization of Sardinia and other islands. [Herod.1.94, Strabo.5.2.2]
** Some legends say that the decision to colonize Sardinia was based on an oracle. [Diod.4.29.3]
1237 BC | Heracles and Dianeira had a son, Hyllus. [Paus.3.18.11]
1237 BC | Tyndareus emigrated from Aetolia to Sparta. [Apo.2.7.3, Diod.4.33.5, Tzetzes.2.450]
** When the Heracleidae returned, they raised the cause that their ancestor Heracles had entrusted Sparta to Tyndareus. [Paus.2.18.7]
** Although Tyndareus was supposedly sent back by Heracles, it is likely that he returned of his own volition to Sparta, now that Hippocoon and Icarius were gone.
1237 BC | Tyndareus' sons (Dioscuri) seized two daughters of Leucippus of Andania and made them their wives. [Paus.3.18.11]
** After this, Eurytus of Oechalia near Andania was also expelled, so it is likely that Leucippus was killed in battle and his daughters were taken prisoner.
** The Dioscuri lived in Therapne. [Pind.Py.11.54]
1237 BC | Eurytus of Oechalia in Messenia was attacked and exiled by Tyndareus of Sparta. [Paus.3.18.11]
1237 BC | Eurytus migrated to Euboea and founded the third Oechalia. [Strabo.10.1.10]
** Eurytus also founded Melaneis (later Eretria), named after his father Melaneus. [Strabo.10.1.10, StephByz.E276.3]
1237 BC | The Battle of Nihriya
** Tudhaliya IV was defeated in battle by King Sulmanu-asared I of Assyria. [wiki: Battle of Niḫriya]
1237 BC | the rebellion of Electryon's son Celaeneus (Piyama-Radu) ended. [wiki: Piyama-Radu]
** Piyama-Radu's rebellion continued from Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC) to Tudhaliya IV (1237-09 BC). [wiki: Piyama-Radu]
** As the Hittites' power weakened and their involvement in Asia Minor diminished, it seems that there was no longer any need to rebel against them.
** The migration of the Arcadians led by Telephus to Mysia attests to this.
1236 BC | Hattusili III destroyed Yalanda, where Piyama-Radu was rebelling. [wiki: Yalanda]
** Hattusili III encountered an ambush by Piyama-Radu's brother Lahurzi, but repelled them. [wiki: Yalanda]
** Yalanda is located west of Wallarima, on the border of Ahhiyawa's territory. [wiki: Yalanda]
** Wallarima is located on the coast near the southern border of Arzawa. [wiki: Wallarima]
1236 BC | Milawata letter (CTH 182)
** Letter from a Hittite king, possibly Hattusili III (1265-35 BC), to his vassal king, Milawata. [wiki: Milawata letter]
** The Hittite king requests that Wilusa hand over Walmu to the Hittites. [Milawata letter]
** Priam's rival for the throne is likely one of Laomedon's sons.
** Miletus is married to Laomedon's daughter, Hesione. It is believed that a rival for the throne in Wilusa fled to Miletus.
** The recipient's father was an enemy of the Hittite king, who installed him as king. [wiki: Milawata letter]
** The recipient's father is Miletus <Atpa>, who is believed to have died in battle with the Hittites.
** The letter mentions Piyama-Radu as a past figure. [wiki: Milawata letter]
1236 BC | Polybus of Sicyon died in his 40th year of reign. [Euseb.175]
1236 BC | Adrastus, son of Lysianassa, daughter of Polybus, succeeded his grandfather as king of Sicyon (for 4 years) [Euseb.175, Paus.2.6.6]
1236 BC | Iolaus set out from Athens with the sons of Thespius' daughters [Diod.4.29.1, Paus.1.29.5]
1236 BC | Iolaus founded Olbia in northeastern Sardinia [Paus.10.17.5]
1236 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Ctesippus [Apo.2.7.8, Hesiod.98]
1236 BC | Peleus exiled the Minyans, who had murdered Acastus, son of Pelias of Iolcus. [Apo.3.13.7, FGrH.Nr333.F62, Strabo.9.5.15]
** The destruction of Iolcus was caused by a revolt by the Minyans against Acastus' tyranny over Iolcus. [Strabo.9.5.15]
** In 511 BC | Iolcus was mentioned as a possible destination for Hippias's exile. [Herod.5.94]
** In 290 BC | when Demetrias was founded, Iolcus still existed as a town but was absorbed. [Strabo.9.5.15]
** Strabo writes that Iolcus remains destroyed, but this appears to be the central part of the town. [Strabo.9.5.15]
** The 5th-century BC lyric poet Pindar reports that Peleus captured Thetis when he destroyed Iolcus. [Pind.Ne.3.30, FGrH.Nr333.F62]
** Thetis is believed to have been the wife of Acastus' son. [Inferred from FGrH.Nr333.F62]
1236 BC | the Minyans, who lived around Iolcus, emigrated to the island of Lemnos.
** It is believed that this is when the Minyans, who were later expelled by the Pelasgians, settled on Lemnos.
1236 BC | Admetus, son of Pheres, who lived in Pherae, fled to Tamynae in Euboea. [Inferred from FGrH.Nr325.F9]
** There were also Minyans who emigrated to Pherae in Thessaly with Periclymene, daughter of Minyas, mother of Admetus.
** Admetus, the husband of Pelias' daughter Alcestis, was also caught up in the rebellion and fled to Theseus, the son of Alcestis's previous husband, Hippasus. [FGrH.Nr325.F9]
** After Hippasus' death, Alcestis remarried Admetus, taking his son Theseus with her. [FGrH.Nr325.F9]
1236 BC | Laertes, the son of Arcesius, married Anticlia, the daughter of Autolycus of Parnassus. [Apo.E.3.12, Hyginus.97]
** Philonis (or Chione), the mother of Anticlia's father, Autolycus, was fathered by Pandion.
** Cephalus, the father of Arcesius, Laertes' father, was fathered by Pandion.
** Thus, Laertes and Anticlia were second cousins.
1235 BC | Ormenus, son of Cercaphus, founded Ormenium southeast of Iolcus. [Strabo.9.5.18]
** Ormenus, a Lapith, likely assisted Iolcus in his expulsion of the Minyans and gained access to the Pagasaean Gulf.
** Ormenus' mother was Eupolemia, daughter of Myrmidon. Peleus was the son of Ormenus' maternal cousin, Aeacus.
** 1235 BC | Heracles accidentally murdered his relative Ennomus (Eurynomus), son of Architeles, in the home of Oeneus. [Apo.2.7.6, Athen.410f, Diod.4.36.2, Tzetzes.2.450]
** This was three years after Heracles' marriage to Deianeira. [Diod.4.36.2]
1235 BC | Heracles killed the Centaur Nessus at the Evenus River east of Calydon on his way to Trachis. [Apo.2.7.6, Diod.4.36.5, Strabo.10.2.5, Tzetzes.2.450]
** Nessus, a surviving Centaur, engaged in banditry in strategic locations along the roads from Aetolia to Phocis and Thessaly.
1235 BC | a group of settlers led by Iapyx, son of Daedalus, migrated from Crete to the southeastern Italian peninsula. [Herod.7.170, Pliny.3.102, Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.6.3.6]
** Iapyx is said to have founded Hyria, but it is believed that it was founded by Messapus. [Based on Messapus's birthplace, Hyria]
** According to legend, Iapyx was searching for Glaucus. [Athen.523a]
** Iapyx is believed to have been involved in the same colonization activities as Botton and others. [Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.7.8.2]
1235 BC | a group of Cretan settlers led by Botton migrated overland from the Adriatic Sea to Macedonia and settled there. [Strabo.6.3.2, Strabo.7.8.2]
** A little north of Pella was Europus, founded by Macedon, son of Aeolus, and Europus, son of Oreithyia, daughter of Cecrops. [StephByz.E287.14]
** The Bottiaeans, driven by the Argeadae, migrated to the land adjacent to the Chalcidians. They remained there during the time of Thucydides. [Thucy.2.99]
** The Bottiaeans founded colonies in Bithynia. First, they called Ankore, then Antigoneia, and finally Nikaia, named after Nikaia, wife of Lysimachos. [StephByz.N474.17]
1235 BC | Cleolaus, son of Minos, migrated from Crete to the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. The tribe was called Daunii after his son Daunus. [Solinus.2.6]
** Euippe, daughter of Daunus, son of Cleolaus, married Diomedes, son of Tydeus. [Ovid.Meta.14.500, Dic: Daunus]
1235 BC | Idomeneus, son of Deucalion, son of Minos, emigrated from Crete to Calabria. [Estimated from SerCVAene.3.121]
** Calabria is another name for Messapia, Iapygia, and Salentina. [Strabo.6.3.5]
** Idomeneus likely migrated from Crete to the Italian peninsula with Iapyx.
1235 BC | Oeagrus, son of Pierus, emigrated from Thespiae in Boeotia to Pimpleia near Mount Olympus. [Nonnus.13.428]
1235 BC | Heracles traveled from Calydon through the land of Dryopes and arrived at Ceyx in Trachis. [Apo. 2.7.7, Diod. 4.36.5, Paus. 1.32.6]
** Eurystheus likely urged Calydon to expel Heracles through Amphiaraus, son of Oecles, of Argos.
** 1247 BC | Eurystheus likely assisted Melampus' son Mantius, his son Oecles, and his grandson Amphiaraus in returning to Argos.
** Ceyx was likely the son of Actor, son of the Myrmidon, and the brother of Menoetius, father of Patroclus, Heracles's close friend. [Home.2.681, Paus.1.32.6]
** The Melians, led by Ceyx, are believed to be a branch of the Aenianians, driven by Lapiths from the Dotium plain near Ossa. [Apo.2.7.7, Strabo.9.5.22]
1235 BC | Plisthenes, son of Atreus, traveled from Crete to Cleonae to marry Aerope (or Eriphyle), daughter of Catreus. [Apo.3.2.2, Euri.Scho.Or.5.1, Dictys.1.1]
** It is believed that Phliasus, who lived in Phlius, made the long-distance marriage between Crete and Cleonae possible.
** Aerope, daughter of Catreus, and Phliasus, son of Ariadne, were cousins, sharing a common grandfather, Minos.
1235 BC | Thyestes, son of Pelops, died on the island of Cythera.
** When Eurystheus died in 1217 BC and Atreus inherited Mycenae, Thyestes was likely already dead.
1235 BC | Ormenus, son of Cercaphus, migrated from Itonus to the east of Iolcus and founded Ormenion. [Strabo.9.5.21]
1234 BC | Oedipus married Astymedusa, daughter of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [FGrH.Nr333.F95]
** Creon disliked the Argives, due in part to his feud with Heracles. [Dic:Creon]
** This marriage is thought to have been the reason Oedipus was exiled from Thebes.
** Oedipus likely met Astymedusa of Mycenae while he was in Tenea, Corinth.
1234 BC | Heracles and Astyoché, daughter of Phyleus of Ephyra, had a son, Toepolemus. [Apo.2.7.8, Home.2.653]
1234 BC | Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, was born in Phthia. [Pind.Py.3.100]
1234 BC | Nauplius, son of Clytonaeus, married Clymene, daughter of Catreus. [Apo.2.1.5, Dictys.1.1]
1233 BC | Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, married Pronax, son of Talaus, who lived in Nemea. [Estimated from Apo.3.6.4]
1233 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Hodites. [Diod.4.37.2, Paus.4.30.1, Apo.2.7.8, Hesiod.98]
1232 BC | Adrastus, son of Talaus, ruled Sicyon for four years and returned to Argos. [Euseb.175, Paus.2.6.6]
1232 BC | Iolaus stayed in Sicily on his way back to Greece. [Diod.4.30.3]
** This is presumably the location of Camici in the south-central part of Sicily, where Daedalus was staying. [Strabo.6.2.6]
1231 BC | Iolaus returned to Trachis from Sardinia. [Diod.4.30.3]
1230 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a daughter, Macaria. [Paus.1.32.6, Plut.Pelo.21]
1230 BC | Ornytion founded Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and Cenchreae on the Saronic Gulf. [Paus.2.2.3]
1230 BC | Phocus, son of Ornytion, emigrated from Corinth to Tithorea in Phocis. [Paus.2.4.3]
1230 BC | Phoenix, son of Amyntor of Ormenium, fled to Peleus in Phthia and was granted Dolopia. [Home.9.430, Strabo.9.5.11]
** Peleus was the son of Aeacus, the son of Actor, the brother of Eupolemeia, the mother of Ormenus, the father of Amyntor, the father of Phoenix.
** Thus, Peleus was a second cousin of Phoenix's father, Amyntor.
** Phoenix's exile was the result of a dispute with his father, Amyntor. [Home.Il.9.430-]
** Phoenix was given Ctimene by Peleus. [StephByz.A388.17]
** Phoenix lived in Ctimene in Dolopia, near the border with Phthia. [Home.Il.9.484, StephByz.A388.17]
1230 BC | Heracles expelled the Dryopians. [Diod. 4.37.1, Herod. 8.43, Paus. 4.34.9-10]
** Diodorus writes that Heracles killed Phylas, the Dryopes' king, for disrespecting the temple at Delphi, and expelled the Dryopians. [Diod. 4.37.1]
** Herodotus and Pausanias, without mentioning Delphi, write that the Dryopians were expelled by Heracles. [Herod. 8.43, Paus. 4.34.9-10]
** Pausanias's "Historia of the Sack of Delphi" does not mention this either. [Paus. 10.7.1]
** After the Dryopians were expelled, the land was given to the Melians. [Diod. 4.37.1]
** This suggests that Heracles sided with the Melians in their conflict with the Dryopians and expelled them.
** The Dryopians were driven out by Heracles and the Melians. [Diod. 4.37.1, Herod. 8.43]
** The Dryopians came to Dryopis from the region around the Spercheius River. [Strabo. 8.6.13, Strabo. 9.5.9]
** Dryops, three generations before Phylas, who was killed by Heracles, founded Dryops next to Lycoritae near Parnassus. [Paus. 4.34.9]
** Driven out by Heracles, the Dryopians fled to Eurystheus and founded Asine in Argolis. [Diod. 4.37.2]
** Later, the Dryopians were driven out of Asine by the Argives and settled in Lacedaemon. [Paus. 4.8.3]
** Hermione was home to the Dryopians driven out by Heracles. [Herod.8.43]
** Phylas's father is believed to have been Cragaleus. [Antoninus.4]
** The 4th century BC Athenian statesman Aeschines' speech "Against Ctesiphon" (107) mentions Cragalidae, who blasphemed Delphi.
** Diodorus writes that the Dryopians, driven out by Heracles, founded Carystus in southeastern Euboea. [Diodorus.4.37.2]
** Diodorus appears to confuse Carystus with nearby Styra.
** Before being driven out by Heracles, the Dryopians founded Styra in Euboea. [Paus.4.34.11]
** Some Dryopians also likely settled on the island of Cythnos, near Ceos. [Herod.8.46]
** Euphemus, son of Theiodamas (or Theodamas), fled to the island of Lemnos. [This is presumed because Euphemus's descendants lived on Lemnos.]
1230 BC | Euanthes, son of Oenopion, son of Ariadne, emigrated from the island of Chios to Ismarus in Thracia. [Home.Od.9.193, Diod.5.79.2]
** Euanthes is presumed to have been driven out of the island of Chios by the Carians. [Paus.7.4.9]
1230 BC | Telephus of Tegea emigrated to Mysia, where Pergamus was located, with his mother, Auge. [Paus.1.4.6, Strabo.12.8.4]
** The presence of people calling themselves Arcadians in Pergamus suggests this was a mass migration of the inhabitants of Tegea. [Paus.1.4.6]
** Telephus inherited Mysia from his wife's father, Teuthras, and became a powerful ruler. [FGrH.Nr327.F19]
** Near Pergamus, the inhabitants of Azania, founded by the son of Azan, son of Arcas, migrated. [Paus.8.4.3, Paus.10.32.3]
** The Arcadians likely migrated to the Azanoi, located upstream of the Hermus River near Larisa.
** Azan's son was a cousin of Aleus, father of Lycurgus, father of Auge.
** If the migration of the inhabitants of Azania occurred two generations after the founding of the region, it is likely that they were part of Telephus's colony and then separated and settled in the Azanoi.
** Mysia was a territory of the Seha River Land, a Hittite vassal state, but was likely no longer under Hittite control.
** Parthenopaeus, son of Atalata of Schoenus near Tegea, also participated in the migration. [Hyginus.100]
** Historically, Telephus likely fought against Teuthras and married his captured daughter, Argiope. [Diod.4.33.12]
** The story that Auge and Teuthras had a son, Teuthranius, who was killed by Ajax in Troy, is likely a fiction. [Dictys.2.3]
** The story that Telephus and Argiope had a son, Eurypylus, who fought on the Trojan side against the Achaeans, is also likely a fiction. [Dictys.2.3]
1230 BC | Staphylus, son of Ariadne, ceded the island of Peparethos to his brother Peparethus and emigrated to Bybastus in Caria. [Apo.E.1.9, Parthe.1]
1230 BC | Erythrus, son of Rhadamanthus, founded Erythrae across from the island of Chios. [Diod.5.84.3, Paus.7.3.7]
** Tradition has it that Erythrus migrated from Crete, but it is likely that he migrated from the island of Chios. [Paus.7.3.7]
1230 BC | Althaemenes and Apemosyne, children of Catreus, son of Minos, migrated from Crete to Rhodes. [Apo.3.2.1]
1230 BC | Amphithemis, son of Acacallis, daughter of Minos, migrated from Crete to Libya. [Estimated from Apollo. 4.1485]
1230 BC | Oaxos, son of Minos' daughter Acacallis, migrated from Tarra to the area near Mount Ida and founded Oaxos. [StephByz.O482.10]
1230 BC | Phylacides and Philander, sons of Minos' daughter Acacallis, founded Elyrus near Tarra. [Estimated from Paus.10.16.5]
1230 BC | Menippe, daughter of Thamyris, married Oeagrus, who lived in Pimpleia near Mount Olympus, from the northern Chalcidice Peninsula. [Nonnus.13.428, Tze.1.300]
** Oeagrus and Menippe were of the same race, sharing a common ancestor, Magnes, son of Aeolus.
1228 BC | Peleus (52), son of Aeacus, died in Phthia.
** Peleus does not appear in the battle between Heracles and the Lapiths.
** Homer reports that Peleus sent Achilles to Troy. If this is true, Peleus would have been 92 years old. [Home.Il.11.762]
** Achilles was 6 years old when Peleus died.
** Achilles was raised by Phoenix, who lived in Ctimene in the Dolopia region, about 55 km southwest of Phthia. [Home.Il.9.484, StephByz.A388.17]
1227 BC | at the request of Aegimius, Heracles fought against the Lapiths and killed Coronus, son of Caeneus, king of Gyrton. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.3]
** At this time, Aegimius promised Hyllus one-third of the land of Doris and kingship. [Diod.4.37.3]
** After Heracles' death, Aegimius adopted Hyllus. [Strabo.9.4.10]
** Hyllus became the leader of one of the three Dorian tribes, so it is likely that he was granted one-third of the land and its inhabitants.
** Heracles' army included Ceyx of Trachis. [Apo.2.7.7]
** Ceyx was the half-brother of Aeacus, the father of Ajax's father, Telamon, and Telamon's uncle.
** Telamon is believed to have participated in Heracles' campaigns with his uncle Ceyx.
** Coronus died, and his daughter Lysidice was taken prisoner and later married to Ajax, son of Telamon.
1227 BC | Heracles killed Laogoras, king of the Dryopes, who sided with the Lapiths. [Apo. 2.7.7, Tzetzes. 2.460]
** After being defeated by Heracles, Dryopes fled to various places, but it is believed he fled to the land of the Lapiths and wiped out any resistance.
1227 BC | Heracles defeated Cycnus, son of Pelopia, in single combat at Itonus. [Apo. 2.7.7, Diod. 4.37.4]
1227 BC | Heracles fought and defeated Ormenius, ruler of Ormenium near Iolcus, and his son Amyntor. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.4]
** Protesilaus of Phylace, not a Lapith, either cooperated with Heracles or remained neutral, granting territory west of the gulf south to Antron. [Strabo.9.5.7]
1227 BC | Heracles returned to Trachis after fighting the Lapiths. [Apo.2.7.7]
1226 BC | Oeneus' son, Tydeus, fled to Adrastus and married his daughter, Deipyla. [Apo.1.8.5, Hyginus.97]
** Oeneus' mother, Aeolia, was the sister of Bias, the father of Adrastus's father, Talaus. Tydeus and Adrastus were second cousins, with Amythaon as their common great-grandfather.
1225 BC | Oedipus was exiled from Thebes and fled to Athens with his daughter, Antigone, to live with Theseus. [Apo.3.5.9]
** Antigone's son, Maeon, likely accompanied them to Athens.
** There is a legend that around the time of the return of the Heracleidae, there were Aegeidae in Thebes, descendants of Aegeus of Athens. [FGrH.Nr70.F16]
** Maeon's wife is presumed to have been Aegeus's granddaughter.
** Eteocles and Polyneices, after consultation, decided to alternate the rule of Thebes. [Apo.3.6.1]
1225 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices fled to Adrastus in Argos. [Apo.3.6.1, Paus.9.5.12]
** Adrastus was the son of Lysianassa, the daughter of Polybus, the adoptive father of Polyneices' father, Oedipus.
** Thus, Polyneices fled to his cousin-in-law, Adrastus.
1225 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices married Adrastus' daughter, Argia. [Hyginus.72, Paus.9.5.12]
** While living in Sicyon, Adrastus likely met Polyneices, who was in Corinth.
1225 BC | Helen, daughter of Tyndareus, was born in Sparta. [Apo.3.10.6, Paus.5.19.3]
** Helen's mother was likely the daughter or granddaughter of Hippocoon, the young wife whom Tyndareus married after his return.
1225 BC | Meges, son of Phyleus, emigrated from the island of Cephallenia to the Echinades, an archipelago sparsely populated by Taphius, son of Helius.
** Meges named the largest island of the Echinades, Dulichium, the same name as his hometown. [Estimated from Home.Il.2.625, Home.Il.15.518, Apo.2.4.5, Apo.2.4.7]
1225 BC | Nauplius, son of Clytonaeus, was pursued by the Achaeans and exiled to Chalcis on the island of Euboea. [Plut.QuestGr.33]
1225 BC | Teucer emigrated from Salamis to Cyprus and married Eune, daughter of Cinyras. [Paus.1.3.2, TzeAdLyco.450]
1225 BC | Musaeus, son of Thamyris, emigrated from the northern Chalcidice Peninsula to Thebes. [Estimated from Suda.mu.1295]
1224 BC | Heracles summoned the Arcadians, Melians, and Locrians to march against Oechalia. [Apo.2.7.7]
** One theory holds that Heracles's motive for the expedition was that Eurytus was forcing tribute from the Euboeans. [Athen.461f]
** In fact, it is believed that Eurytus, a Lapith, actually cooperated with the Lapiths of Thessaly in their fight against Heracles.
** It is believed that a considerable number of Lapiths fled from Thessaly to Oechalia with Eurytus.
** During the Roman period, Oechalia existed within Eretria, and retained the name of the town Heracles had destroyed. [Strabo.10.1.10]
1224 BC | Heracles attacked Eurytus, who lived in Oechalia in Euboea. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.5]
** Eurytus himself and his sons, Toxeus, Molion, and Clytius, were killed in battle, and his daughter Iole was taken prisoner. [Apo.2.7.7, Diod.4.37.5, Hyginus.31]
** Hippasus, son of Ceyx of Trachis, was killed in battle. [Apo.2.7.7]
** Argius and Melas, sons of Licymnius, Heracles' mother's half-brother, were killed in battle. [Apo.2.7.7]
1224 BC | Heracles sailed from Oechalia to Cape Cenaeum in Euboea and performed a sacrifice. [Apo.2.7.7]
1224 BC | Heracles and Deianeira had a son, Gleneus. [Diod. 4.37.2, Paus. 4.30.1, Apo. 2.7.8, Hesiod. 98]
** Gleneus is likely the youngest son, as his nurse, Abia, participated in the return of the Heracleidae. [Paus. 3.15.10, Paus. 4.30.1]
1223 BC | Heracles founded a town called Heraclea in Trachis. [Athen.462a]
** Heraclea was built after the Cylicranes, whom Heracles had summoned from Lydia, had turned into a band of bandits and destroyed their settlement.
** Lydians (Kylikranoi, Cyliks) accompanied Heracles on his expeditions. [Athen.461f]
1223 BC | Heracles willed Hyllus to marry Iole when he reached adulthood. [Apo.2.7.7]
1223 BC | Heracles died in Trachis. [Apo.2.7.7]
** Heracles lived to the age of 52. [Cleme.Exho.2.25, JeromeChro.1196]
** Heracles was short in stature but possessed a powerful mind. [Pind.Is.4.50]
** Small in stature, bristly hair, great strength, slim, lithe, dark, hooked nose, bright eyes, and long, straight hair. [Cleme.Exho.2]
** Heracles' cause of death is unknown, but it is presumed that he died of illness, exacerbated by overwork.
1222 BC | Oeneus' daughter, Gorges (or Gorge), was married to Andraemon of Amphissa from Calydon. [Apo.1.8.1, Hyginus.97, Paus.10.38.5]
1220 BC | the Cephallenians, led by Laertes, son of Arcesius, captured Nericus on the Leucas Peninsula. [Home.Od.24.375, Strabo.1.3.18, Strabo.10.2.8]
1220 BC | the Amazons invaded Athens.
** The Amazons' invasion occurred five years before Adrastus's attack on Thebes. [Parian.Marble.21]
1220 BC | Hyllus was adopted by Aegimius and became the ancestor of the Hylleis, one of the three tribes of the Dorians. [FGrH.Nr70.F15, Strabo.9.4.10]
** The Heracleidae went to the Dorians after Hyllus' death.
** Pamphyli, Dymanes, Hylleis [FGrH.Nr70.F15]
1220 BC | Leches and Cenchrias, two sons of Ornytion, son of Sisyphus, founded Lechaeum and Cenchreae. [Estimated from Paus.2.2.3]